tunisian olive oil polyphenol content

In this ambit, control of endogenous enzymes of olive fruit during processing is the most critical point in the mechanical extraction process of olive oil. But either way it EVO is much better than Veggie Oil. In the Carthaginian period, olive production began to flourish, bringing various benefits to olive producers. Tunisia is aware of its responsibility to preserve the countrysvaluable natural landscapes, historical andcultural diversity, but also its agricultural heritage. Because olive oil has a low smoking point, cooking with olive oil runs the risk of creating smoke that contains compounds that are harmful to human health. Hand-picking olives stops them from rapidly degrading due to damage and bruising. As a staple food for many civilizations and a source of medicinal and religious importance throughout history, olive oil has provided significant benefit to people globally in a variety of times. Some reputable brands of high-polyphenol olive oil include Hypereleon, Atsas and Drop of Life. 1. . The American Heart Association says that there are other cooking oils that are healthy. our process. Once on the menu, you'll find a Starbucks Oleato Caffe Latte, with the oil infused in the . Good-quality extra virgin olive oil (EVO) has many well-researched health benefits (see my 1/15/16 post) such as blood pressure reduction and lower risk of heart disease, stroke, breast cancer, and cognitive decline. So, that $8 bottle of grocery store olive oil is not going to be high in polyphenols. This study was based on the production of the proinflammatory chemokine CCL2, following in vitro stimulation of primary human endothelial cells. Fenestrations in the endothelium allow for passage of molecules with a defined size. In this study the anti-inflammatory effect of 3,4-DHPEA-EDA on the endothelium was examined. AI Score. Polyphenol Rich Olive Oil - 4 Highest Polyphenol Count Oils Just like the Chardonnay grape is used for some wines, olive varieties, or cultivars, are used for their unique characteristics to produce monovarietal olive oils. Oleic Acid in Olive Oil: A Powerful Weapon to Fight Disease The communication between these cell types allows for organ development, autoregulation, and adaptation. Gaea Fresh Greek Extra Virgin Olive Oil, $22. Colavita 100% Greek Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Premium World Selection. Since Pam is allergic to cilantro coriander(the cilantro seed), we don't have either if food prepared at home. Several attempts have been made to define olive oil origin by means of multivariate analysis of chemical para- Just asking Earl. Best Olive Oils from Tunisia - Best Olive Oils Classified as a phenylethanoid, i.e. https://www.oliveoiltimes.com is an excellent source for olive oil info and its health benefits. Canola oils ratio is a very good 2.4:1, but it's much lower in polyphenols than EVO, yet it's still a good second oil to use, especially if you eat little oily fish. I also dislike the strong taste of Extra Virgin Olive Oil. Check which type of olives were used to make the oil. Tunisian olives are naturally high in polyphenols due to the varieties grown in arid desert soil. Like fine wine, high-polyphenol olive oil is expensive starting at about $30 per 500 mL bottle. In 2020, Tunisias traditional Ramli agricultural systems in the lagoons of Ghar El Melh and its Djebba El Olia hanging gardens were awarded as Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), a classification administered by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). ripeness of olives) Extraction method (e.g. Your Extra Virgin Olive Oil May Not Be, According to Review By Due to the influence of the genotype and environmental, agronomic Expand 42 View 3 excerpts, references background and methods Innovative natural functional ingredients from microalgae. If an oil is heated beyond its smoke point, it gives off toxic smoke. A recent review of 26 studies comparing the beneficial effects of low- vs. high-polyphenol olive oil found that the high-polyphenol oil was superior for protecting heart health, blood pressure and inflammation. Hydroxytyrosol is a powerful polyphenol which occurs naturally in the olive fruit, pulp, leaves and mill waste waters. Dr. Guasch-Ferr led a study published in 2022 that found that people who consumed more than half a tablespoon of olive oil per day had a roughly 19 percent lower chance of dying from . Many producers list olive varietals on the bottle, the same way wine bottles tell you which grapes were used. I happen to be one who dislikes most things that have a significant amount of olive oil in them. Thats what is really special about Tunisias olive oil. Tunisian oil makers are pointing to recent studies by Japanese experts who say they found very high polyphenol levels in Tunisian oils. So what does all this mean? In the unique micro-climate where Morocco Gold olive oil comes from, the dry periods cause the olive fruit to produce these polyphenols, to help moisture circulate around the olive tree itself. If you buy something through our links, we may earn a commission. In the finest branches of the vascular tree, the capillaries and sinusoids, the walls consist of nothing but endothelial cells and a basal lamina, together with a few scattered but functionally important pericytes. Among the cooking methods evaluated, frying reduces the polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and antioxidant activities in all leafy vegetables studied, whereas boiling and steaming have shown varying effects on polyphenols, carotenoids, and antioxidant properties, depending on the leafy type. Another meta-analysis in 2018 found high-polyphenol olive oil intake was associated with improved . Olive Oil Scam REVEALED (And How to Spot the Real Stuff) - Mama Natural That depends upon each person's taste. oz) - 2 Pack, Certified Kosher. American Olive Oil Assoc.). Have been seeing commercials stating that Mazola corn oil has 2X the amount of polyphenol that olive oil has. Among the polyphenols, (+)-catechin, ()-epicatechin, and 3-leucoanthocyanidins are found . Many adulterated olive oils are sold under quality brand names. Home Fruits Which Olive Oil Has The Highest Polyphenol Content? Many of extra virgin olive oils are organically produced on family-owned farms using traditional production methods. The consumption of olive oil stands out as the most peculiar feature of the Mediterranean diet. In addition to the hydroxytyrosol (3,4-DHPEA, 1) derivatives, at least the tyrosol (p-HPEA, 2) derivatives should also be considered in the calculation of "olive oil polyphenols" content to . The trees have to work especially hard to thrive and protect themselves. Cara Rosenbloom, RD, is a dietitian, award-winning author, and nutrition writer for Allrecipes, the Washington Post, Verywell, Food & Nutrition Magazine. The release of phenols and the formation of volatiles are two basic components of virgin olive oil quality that directly relate to the mechanical extraction process itself. Tunisia's production of olive oil has doubled in a year, to about 350,000 metric tons, turning the country into the world's second-largest producer after Spain. The Extra Virgin Olive Oils Highest in Polyphenols are: extra virgin olive oilBuy extra virgin olive oil, rather than light, pomace, or refined olive oil. Mina Extra Virgin Olive Oil, New Harvest, Polyphenol Rich Moroccan Olive Oil, Single Origin Olive Oil, Cold Extraction, Less Than 0.2% Acidity, 33.8 Fl Oz (1Liter) View on Amazon. Oops! Studies show that most of these effects are due to both the polyphenols and monounsaturated fats in the diet. It has asterling reputationfor providing superior quality olive oil, and has won prestigious medals at several international competitions. 2019 - 2023 Carthage Magazine. The laboratory analysis of OLIVIE PLUS 30x extra virgin olive oil showed it is naturally richer in polyphenols with a total of around 1200 mg/Kg. We are delighted to say that this years harvest has produced a low acidity level of 0.2% together with the highest level of polyphenols yet seen in our extra virgin olive oil. I realize this post is 5 years old, but I'm so happy to find someone else who doesn't like the taste of olive oil. After sorting, cleaning, and washing the olives in cold water, olives are crushed. Sharing the olive oil passion with since 2022. Fake olive oil is everywhere on the market. Curious what the polyphenol content is. Tunisias 3000-year history bears traces of succeeding civilizations resulting in a rich mosaic of cultures. Can you cook with high-polyphenol olive oil? Olive oil rich in various bioactive compounds like oleanolic acid, oleuropein, oleocanthal, and hydroxytyrosol is known for its . The phenol content of olive oil has only been studied for about thirty years, and studies about the benefits of polyphenols in olive oil are even newer. The Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture meticulously inspects what goes into every bottle of Tunisian olive oil to ensure constant quality and purity. Only substances with a specific transporter are picked up by the cerebral endothelial cells and are able to enter the brain. Extra virgin olive oil is the least processed or refined type. Endothelial cells form the barrier between vessels and tissues. Our Extra Virgin Olive Oil Has A High Polyphenol Content - Morocco Gold This is the second time Tunisian sites be recognized by the GIAHS, following Gafsa Oases in 2011. Although cytokines are an important component of our immune system, too many of these can lead to what is known as a cytokine storm. Ratings are based on sensory qualities judged by a certified taster plus lab analyses for: Kirkland Signature (Costco) Organic Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Lucini Premium Select Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Newmans Own Organics Organic Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Trader Joes Premium Extra Virgin Olive Oil. Colavita 100% Pure Olive Oil. The tasting was blindno one knew the identity of the oils. In humans, they may result in an increased risk of stroke and premature death ( 39 , 40 ). But olive oil tastes rancid to me. Depending numerous factors including the variety of olives and the time of year the olives are harvested, the polyphenol content will range from 170 to 300 ppm. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sign up today and youll get our latest stories delivered straight to your inbox. Non-GMO, Naturally Rich in Antioxidants and Polyphenols 101.5 Fl Oz (Pack of 2) 4.7 (97) Save 20% $4399 ($0.22/Fl Oz)$54.99 Particularly in Hydroxytyrosol, the most potent of all polyphenols, it has a concentration of around 233 mg/kg (compared to 7 mg/Kg for a regular olive oil on average), and also in Tyrosol, with a richness of around 161 mg/kg. The olives are usually crushed beneath a millstone drawn, and the resulting olive paste is pressed between esparto fiber discs. Oil content, phenolic profiling and antioxidant potential of Tunisian Studies show that polyphenols help fight inflammation, and may help lower the risk of several diseases including heart disease, some types of cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Analysis of Total Contents of Hydroxytyrosol and Tyrosol in Olive Oils Search for the olive oil company's certification of phenolic content. Sterols help lower bad LDL cholesterol, but this doesnt necessarily lead to better heart health. This is probably because extra virgin olive oil and its beneficial polyphenols interact with other foods incuding the vegetables eaten as part of this diet. Depending on the tissue and organ, endothelial cells can vary from each other. The 5 Best Olive Oils of 2022 - Healthiest Olive Oils for Cooking OH! For me it's the taste. Colavita 100% Spanish Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Premium World Selection. Tunisia is the largest exporter of organic olive oil in the world, 95% of Tunisia's olive groves are organic, Extra Virgin Olive Oil World Ranking 2021, earning the organic label for their olive oil brands, A History of Olive Oil in Tunisia: Origin and Future of an Everlasting Bond. But I have never had high blood pressure problems. DON'T MISS my other posts in this Health Issues Forum: Ok, I'll bite. The total reducing capacity (total phenolics) of olive oils ranged from about 40 to 530 mg gallic acid equivalents/kg oil. Lower inflammation. This high-quality olive oil contains higher amounts of healthy fats and antioxidants when compared to refined olive oils and thus will provide the most health benefits. Chetoui . Our olives are grown in a valley that is about 2,000 feet above sea level. First, in coronary artery disease, endothelial cells are damaged. You can also store EVO in the fridge, and any resulting cloudiness & minor solidification will resolve once it warms to room temps. Olive oil is widely accepted as a superior edible oil. Which olive oil is highest in polyphenols? - TimesMojo Berries. By definition, high phenolic olive oil contains at least 250 mg polyphenols per kilogram of oil. Polyphenol Rich Moroccan Olive Oil by Mina - Mina Biochemical characterization of olive oil samples obtained from fruit Kirkland Signature Organic Extra Virgin Olive Oil $16.00. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Content on Live Love Fruit may not be reproduced in any form. Berries. Which California olive oil has the most polyphenols? Almost all tissues depend on a blood supply, and the blood supply depends onendothelial cells, which form the linings of the blood vessels. This is why we recommend consulting your doctor if you are under medical care . What Is High-Polyphenol Olive Oil and Why Is It Good for You? - Allrecipes Is Tunisian olive oil high in polyphenols? The Village of Chenini A True Tunisian Hidden Gem, Tunisian Community Abroad Grows & Evolves, DNA Analysis: Only 4% of Tunisians Are Arabs, Alcohol in Tunisia: What Visitors Need to Know, Central Bank of Tunisia Hikes Interest Rates to 8.02%, Highest Since 1996, The Struggle for Tunisias Fragile Democracy, e-Payment Transactions in Tunisia Hit Yearly All-Time High in 2022. International Festival of Carthage Tunisias Most Ncodi: First Tunisian-Based Programming Language, Arab Maghreb Union: A Disappointing Dream. Check for an expiration date to ensure the olive oil is fresh. Nitric oxide is a vasodilator and exerts its effects by relaxation of smooth muscle cells (Zhao et al., 2015). Labeled with the USDA Organic seal, Bertolli Organic Extra Virgin is made from organic olives and produced using organic farming standards. The typical American diet averages at least 10:1, but nearly all experts recommend an overall ratio of around 4:1 to 5:1 which helps reduce chronic, low-grade inflammation that promotes chronic diseases like cancer, dementia, depression, heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease (Crohns & ulcerative colitis). What is the healthiest brand of olive oil? Some polyphenols work as antioxidants, which means they neutralize harmful free radicals that potentially damage the body's cells, leading to conditions like heart disease, cancer, and cognitive decline. In fact, the secoiridoid concentration in the virgin olive oil is largely due to the activation of theglycosidasesof olive fruit that activate the formation of aglycon, while theoxidoreductasessuch aspolyphenoloxidase(PPO) andperoxidase(POD) can catalyze their oxidation during the oil mechanical extraction process and subsequently trigger the autoxidation mechanism. Terra Delyssa | Award-Winning Extra Virgin Olive Oil This allows them to accurately grade olive oil according to its sensory characteristics with much more precision and reliability than a single taster or sommelier. Hydroxytyrosol is a colorless solid. Mr. Kelley Is Colavita extra virgin olive oil high in polyphenols? I tried this Tunisian olive oil because Dr Gundry said the best olive oils come from Morocco and Tunisia as they have the highest polyphenol count (healthy) due to desert growing conditions. Olives with the most polyphenols include Coratina, Conicabra, Koroneiki, Moraiolo and Picual. Every single time I've ever tried it, including in an olive oil store where you sample a bunch of different ones. Driven largely by the uptick of organic olive oil, which has been growing over the past decade, women have been taking on, if not taking over, family olive farms. High Polyphenol Organic Extra Virgin Olive Oil Bragg organic extra virgin olive oil is minimally processed (cold pressed, unfiltered) from Koroneiki olives (highest Greek olives in polyphenols) and is very nutritious any way you consume it. Prime. I use olive oil a lot in cooking and I don't use any of the top rated ones mentioned in your post. Carthaginian/Punic erafarmers took great care of olive oil orchards and were considered among the greatest agronomists in the Mediterranean basin. Colavita Organic Extra Virgin Olive Oil. The Mediterranean diet is linked with . Your link has been automatically embedded. Vegetable Oil: What's the Difference? The unique taste of olive oil is due to the presence of polyphenols. There also must be no mixing or blending with other oils and no chemical additives. The polyphenol concentration is the obvious strength of the product, coupled with the fact that even the common olive oil has health benefits unrelated to polyphenols, so you can enjoy additional antioxidants with fantastic flavor. of NH Coop. Polyphenol-rich olive oil is extra virgin olive oil that contains a high percentage of the polyphenol/phenolic compounds mentioned abovehydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, oleocanthal, oleacein. Highlights We tested the effect of enzymatic formulation on Tunisian olive oil extraction yields. About Hydroxytyrosol | Olive Wellness Institute Olive oil is part of the Tunisian Culture. This prevents an excessive loss of proteins. EVO also helps improve, The typical American diet averages at least, almon, sardines, herring, arctic char, rainbow trout), Would like feedback from Canadians who RV full-time in Canada & US. An impaired function can lead to serious health issues throughout the body. These residues are rich in polyphenols with antioxidant and antimicrobial power [22]. Berries are low in calories and high in vitamin C, fiber, and polyphenols, making them an easy addition to any diet. Now, Tunisias olive oil industry is fundamental to Tunisian culture, history, andcuisine. Nuts. For me, it's not the olive taste--I kind of like olives. California Olive Ranch Everyday Extra Virgin Olive Oil, $23. As shown in Table 1, coffee has the highest total polyphenol content in beverages, followed by green tea. To achieve high-quality oil, olives must be healthy, harvested directly from the tree (not from the ground), and immediately transported to the oil mill for processing. While you wouldnt want to use your fancy artisanal bottles for cleaning, its a good use for the stuff you buy by the gallon for regular cooking purposes. High Phenolic Olive Oil: Health Benefits, Uses, and Taste - Clean Plates Colavita Premium Italian Extra Virgin Olive Oil. What brand of olive oil is the healthiest? Mild . I still eat both having developed the taste. Pasted as rich text. The earliest research on the health benefits of olive oil and its role in the Mediterranean diet focused not on polyphenols, however, but the high oleic acid content. Hate to break it to you, but "cold pressed" or "first cold pressed" labels are usually just lip service. Olive oil is more than just a healthy cooking oil. If it were not for endothelial cells extending and remodelling of the network of blood vessels, tissue growth and repair would be impossible. That's an eating plan that includes lots of vegetables and fruit, cuts back on meat and sweets, and relies on olive oil as the main source of dietary fat. Polyphenol-rich olive oil can reduce inflammation and pain in your body. Olives are harvested within a tight and specific timeframe. Throughout history, numerous Mediterranean civilizations, including the Phoenician, Greek, Carthaginian, Roman, and Arab, took turns cultivating olive trees. Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia? Understand it is healthy so I do. The results indicate that the cultivar. Women have been a source of cheap, seasonal labor as harvest workers every year. This is because cytokine storms reduce the amount of oxygen circulating in our blood, causing fluid build-up in the lungs and lead to life-threatening breathing difficulties. Polyphenols are naturally occurring compounds found in plant-based foods, including tea, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, and olive oil. 9.4. A study on the characterization of Tunisian extra-virgin olive oil varieties produced in their place of origin has been carried out. The tasting was blind. They are not only managing many farms and cooperatives of major brands; they are engineers, chemists, marketing directors, certification agents, and more. The Best Trader Joe's Olive Oils 2021: Blind Tasted by 5 Experts In her free time, Massarra plays violin. Thank you for the information. Endothelial cells are nearly ubiquitous throughout the body. Nevertheless, there was a significant increase in the contents of oleic acid and alcohols, accompanied by a decrease in total sterols. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of 3,4-DHPEA-EDA [2-(3,4) www.researchgate.netpublication 225288529_Anti-In. I was like, Finally! The importance of olive oil in Tunisia cannot be overstated. Which Olive Oil is Highest in Polyphenols? - Olive from the Raw 3. Contact info: Email. The history, art and traditions of our north African country go back to three thousand of years, making it one of the most interesting areas of the entire Maghreb area in Western North Africa. 2017 Aug 15;229:9-19. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.025. The Romans greatly expanded the orchards,and further revolutionized the olive oil cultivation with the introduction of innovative irrigation systems and olive oil extraction techniques. Its intense, full-bodied flavor is great for dips or as a finish on meats, pasta and vegetables. Tunisian olive oils have won medals at international competitions in London and Los Angeles. By definition, high phenolic olive oil contains at least 250 mg polyphenols per kilogram of oil. Store it away from the stove top, preferably in a cool, dark spot and yes, you can keep olive oil in the fridge. The 21 Best Sales Of The Week. Is Pompeian olive oil high in polyphenols? The most rigid separation between vessels and tissue can be found in the brain (Stamatovic et al., 2008). Then,in the seventh century, new Islamic influences came, followed by the French, whose legacies left their mark on language, architecture, and cuisine. Polyphenols are believed to slow down the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. If you have ever savored a tasty salad dressing, gently seasoned meat with olive oil, or olive oil blended with spices for bread dipping, you may have had a fleeting thought about olive oils illustrious history. Over the last two decades, the sector has been propelled by significant investment and steadily expanding global consumption of olive oil. Three new olive oil-infused coffee drinks will hit menus worldwide this yearstarting in Italy and making their way to Southern California in the spring. Consensus on Kirkland/Costco Olive Oil? : r/Costco - reddit The polyphenols present in olive oil processing chain by-products including olive leaves, olive pomace or olive oil mill wastes have found a variety of application potentials in the food market . Olive Oil Times commissioned two analyses of Gundrys oil that revealed total phenolic content between 561 and 612 mg/kg (or ppm). Tunisia was the only Arab country to win this gold medal in this global competition among 30 countries, including Spain and Italy. A cultivar is the variety of olive. a relative of phenethyl alcohol. The Land of Harissa, Dates, and Olive Oil Life in Tunisia: What Its Really Like Facts About Tunisia 15 Things You Probably Tunisian Cuisine Mentality, Spirit & Character, These Two Dancers Are Taking Tunisia by Storm. EVOO contains over 20 different polyphenols, including hydroxytyrosol, oleocanthal and oleuropein. In a study of cooked vegetables, it was found that about 60% losses of polyphenols in carrots and broccoli after frying and the losses were higher than during steaming . Besides the sensory features of this kind of oil, the high concentration of oleic acid and the presence of antioxidants have contributed to determine an increase its consumption also in the Australian and American countries [1, 2].In Tunisia olive trees spread from lower semiarid to arid climatic conditions []. Endothelial cells are nearly ubiquitous throughout the body. Virgin and extra virgin olive oil polyphenols (hydroxytyrosol, as well as oleuropein and tyrosol) and other natural compounds including squalene, tocopherols (related to vitamin E), terpenoids, and sterols (like B-sitosterol) may also play a role. It is important to note that the polyphenol content of olive oil can vary depending on the type of olive and the method of extraction, so it is important to choose high-quality extra virgin olive oil from . The health benefits of olive oil, which are commonly attributed to its minor . Choose brands whose containers state the harvest date (ideally no older than last year's) and that come in dark glass or plastic. In addition, an enrichment in oil total polyphenols content was achieved. So, based on the polyphenol content, the bitterness intensity (IBe) can be estimated using the following equation (Beltrn et al., 2007): one or two letter country codes printed on the bottle or label. Our collection of recipes featuring olive oil gives you lots of creative ways to incorporate high-polyphenol olive oil into your diet. The brand. When hes not cooking, Justin enjoys spending time with his wife and son. Which are the Best Olive Oils from Tunisia? Tunisians are not just pacifists and maritime, they also have a spirit of hospitality, generosity, adaptability, creativity, and above all, will to succeed. Olive Oil / chemistry* Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? Tunisians are the direct descendants of diversified successive civilizations: Berbers, Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Turkish, or French. For centuries, the Romans saw it bloom and prosper, erecting magnificent monuments throughout Tunisia: magnificent palaces, villas, thevast amphitheater in El Jem, cities, and aqueducts. The health benefits of olive oil with high phenolic content have been shown in research to have an immediate effect. On Average, EVOOs (the highest quality Olive Oil) range between 100-250 mg/kg polyphenols. Fortunately, my wife prefers to use saffron oil, which is fine. Olive Oil: Tunisia's Gift to the World Carthage Magazine Endothelial cells originate from the mesoderm, a germinal layer that forms at gastrulation, an early embryonic development stage (Bautch and Caron, 2015). Once opened, significant loss of quality & antioxidants wont occur if used within 30-60 days & kept tightly capped & away from bright light. What is the healthiest type of olive oil? Ads provided by AdThrive. Condensed tannins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids were the most representative groups in avocado seed. Extraction of extra virgin olive oil is done mechanically or by hand. The types of polyphenol present in extra virgin olive oil is influenced by the extraction / pressing process. Mild robustness. As mentioned by David1941, the California Olive Oi Council (COOC) tests and certifies California Olive Oil and it's some of the best. Good quality olive oil has a peppery bite, a mildly bitter aftertaste and can make salad sing when married to balsamic vinegar. The tradition is enmeshed in Tunisian culture, its livelihood, and thousands of years growing olives and producing quality olive oil. Displayed ads do not constitute endorsement or . Discoveries of Roman mosaics in Sousse and archaeological digs in Sbeitla (thesiteof the Roman city of Sufetula) and El Jem (thesiteof the Roman city of Thysdrus) witness that olive tree cultivation was historically widespread throughout Tunisia.

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